Increase the output, improve the quality, switch to the habit of breeding beans, and still need to ignite the policy.

Increase the output, improve the quality, switch to the habit of breeding beans, and still need to ignite the policy.

"Bean" ambition, need policy to ignite

China is the country of origin of soybeans, with a long history of planting and consumption. However, in recent years, the gap between soybean supply and demand has expanded year by year. The National Crop Production Structure Adjustment Plan (2016-2020) proposes that grain and bean crop rotation should be carried out according to local conditions, and soybean planting area should be appropriately restored. The "Guidance Opinion of the Ministry of Agriculture on Promoting the Development of Soybean Production" also proposes that by 2020, the soybean area will reach 140 million mu, an increase of 40 million mu from 2015, and the average yield per mu will reach 135 kg, an increase of 15 kg over 2015. Where does the area increase? How to increase the output? Please look at the practices in Shanxi and Sichuan.

Shanxi is not only the traditional advantage planting area of ​​soybean in China, but also the “three high” area of ​​soybean production – high in oil and protein content and high in yield.

In the past seven years, the soybean planting area in Shanxi has fluctuated from 2.91 million mu to 3.04 million mu, and the output has remained at around 350,000 tons, while the historical high planting area is about 5 million mu. According to the survey of the reporter, Shanxi soybeans have great potential for excavation regardless of planting area, variety support, cultivation techniques, and high prices. So how far is the potential to reality?

There is a need for policies to rekindle the passion for soybean production. "You have to let the farmers count the bills," said Liu Xueyi, deputy director of the Institute of Economic Crops of the Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Increasing production can not only survive the drought of the card neck, but also stabilize the production.

Shanxi Province is located in the Loess Plateau with sufficient sunshine. The actual annual sunshine hours are 2200~3000 hours. It is a high-value area of ​​solar energy resources in North China, which is 10~20 kcal more than the North China Plain at the same latitude. The quality of temperature resources is high. The annual average temperature in the province is between 4~14°C, and the accumulated temperature above 10°C is 2200~4500°C. It has good natural conditions for planting soybeans, suitable for different maturity soybean growth, and the daily temperature difference is large during the harvest season, which is conducive to the special high soybean. Energy accumulation requirements.

According to the statistics of the Shanxi Provincial Seed Station, the area promoted by Liu Xueyi, who is known as the “Northwest Soybean King”, accounts for more than two-thirds of the total soybean planting area in Shanxi. “The actual planting area of ​​soybeans in Shanxi Province is about 4.5 million mu, and now the interplanting of forests is not included in the statistical caliber.” Liu Xueyi said. In addition to the rotation area, drought-tolerant varieties can be planted in the arid areas of hilly and gully, and high-yield soybeans can be developed. In addition, the 15 million mu dry and fresh fruit economic forests in Taihang Mountain and Luliang Mountain also have space for interplanting soybeans.

However, at the same time, there is a problem of low efficiency in soybean planting. Due to insufficient policy support, lack of support in key aspects such as scientific research and development, improved breeding, and technology promotion, it is difficult for the soybean industry to achieve large-scale and good-scale development.

Taking the planting method as an example, the Jinxi loess hilly gully and the wreckage area in Luliang Mountain have more per capita land and arid climate. Only soybeans can survive the drought of the card neck, which has become the planting choice of most farmers because of stable production. However, many farmers are lagging behind in planting methods, and they cannot grasp the timing of scientific sowing and harvesting. "There is not much difference with slash-and-burn cultivation, and it is widely harvested." Liu Xueyi introduced.

On the Taihang Mountain, one of the main soybean producing areas in Huanghuaihai, the Zezhou County of Jincheng City, adopts the wheat bean rotation, and the 350,000 mu summer soybeans adopt the anti-winding soybean no-tillage straw sowing technique, which can basically realize the whole mechanization. “The normal annual output is 150 kg to 175 kg, and the high-yield land can reach 200 kg. The poor year view can also have 100 kg.” Chang Qingzhong, director of Jincheng Agricultural Technology Promotion Station.

Improve the quality of high-quality soybeans, the benefits are not lower than corn

"If we want to fully realize the self-sufficiency of soybeans, we need to produce 600 million mu of cultivated land in the country at the current production level." Liu Xueyi said. "To take the path of differentiated development is a must, and we can develop high-quality soybeans, from the pursuit of quantity to the quality of quantity."

The terrain of Shanxi is narrow in the north and south, high in the north and low in the south. The climate and ecological types are complex. Soybean ecological diversity is diverse. From south to north, it covers almost all kinds of ripening and cultivation types from the Yellow River in China to Heilongjiang.

Shanxi is also in the forefront of research on soybean germplasm resources. It has collected 1,905 soybean germplasm resources, 420 wild soybeans, and more than 300 innovative soybean germplasms. The province has selected a number of new varieties of soybeans of different ecological types over the years, and its Chinese trials account for 9% of the country. The sowing soybean in Duanshi Town, Lishui County, was planted with 400 mu of soybean processing variety “Jindou No. 25” and obtained a high yield of 153 kg. Gao Xinming, a farm technician from Linxian Town, Linxian County, planted 25 acres of “Jindou 21”, with an average yield of 150 kilograms per mu, which became a model for the loess hilly area in Shanxi.

At present, Shanxi pays attention to the development of high-priced soybeans. The development of organic soybeans, small soybeans and 39 grams of vegetable soybeans, forage soybeans and buds has begun to take shape. There is no significant difference between the comparative benefits and the cultivation of corn. There are already 200,000 mu.

According to reports, in the Korean and Japanese markets, the price of soybeans with a grain weight of less than 10 grams is about seven or eight yuan per catty, and this category is becoming a direction for Shanxi's vigorous development; vegetable soybeans are commonly known as edamame, and farmers' land yields are It can reach 5,000 yuan; the yield of forage grass soybeans is 1.8 tons to 3.4 tons, and the income can reach 1,000 yuan. The yield and income in Henan and Jiangxi are higher.

Turning habits to bid farewell to extensive management, green high-yield cultivation should be willing to invest

Improving the competitiveness of domestic soybeans in the world market is another direction of differentiated development. This requires the government to take part in the selection of breeding, green high-yield cultivation techniques, and rely on technology support to fill the short board.

Seeds are the core competitiveness of green production, and subsidies for improved breeding are essential. In Shanxi, for example, 3 million mu or even 4.5 million mu of soybeans require more than 40 million kilograms of seeds. However, the profit of soybean seeds is relatively low, and the seed companies are unwilling to distribute; the excellent varieties developed by scientific research units are unable to be converted into actual production; farmers planting the same variety in successive years will inevitably be degraded.

"The soybeans in the United States are also subsidies for conventional varieties, and the imperfect seed breeding system is a big problem for us." Liu Xueyi said. “You don’t need to change the varieties every year, so the investment will not be very big. You can change the varieties of large-scale planting areas in four years and one year in a row,” said a senior seed industry expert in Shanxi.

“I lived 80 years old and saw 400 pods on a soybean for the first time,” said an old man from Lijiashan Village, Rabbit Town, Linxian County, Shanxi Province. This is achieved through the cultivation techniques of dry-cropped soybeans in the loess hilly region of Shanxi Province. The yield per mu of dry crop soybeans can reach 150 kg.

Good seeding with good methods is the second core element of soybean yield increase. But so far, Shanxi's utilization rate of soybean cultivation technology is less than 60%. In recent years, the anti-winding soybean no-tillage straw planting technology promoted in Zezhou has not only saved labor costs of 70 to 80 yuan, but also realized a single hole and double plant, with a dense planting degree of 3.5 to 40,000 plants. Up to 200 kg.

Therefore, investing in green high-yield cultivation techniques to help farmers change extensive operations and form high-input and high-yield planting habits should be the second key node for the government.

Drought is the main constraint to the development of planting industry in Shanxi, and the neck and neck has become a hurdle for corn and other food crops. Soybean has strong drought-resistance ability, and it has become the advantage of developing soybean industry in dry farming areas. The main technical attack point of achieving high yield under the premise of not accepting is to change invalid rainfall into effective rainfall.

In recent years, Shanxi has demonstrated the film mulching technology in the soybean industry, with an average yield increase of 50% and a high yield of 306 kg. However, the main constraints of the current promotion are the cost accounting of farmers and the non-point source pollution of land.

"You can learn from the experience of Gansu and other places, establish a plastics factory, let farmers take old mulch film for new mulch film, reduce costs and reduce white pollution," said Yang Jun, director of Shanxi Provincial Technology Extension Station.

In addition, the plant protection issue cannot be ignored. “Because of the use of wheat herbicides throughout the year, there are residues in the soil, soy production will also be affected. We have had no seeding in the first two years here, and there may be reasons for herbicides.” Hejin City Technology Promotion Station, Shanxi Province The stationmaster Cao Jianming said.

(Original title: "Bean", need to be lit)