Asbestos was added as an common ingredient to Brake Pads post-WWI, as car speeds began to increase, because research showed that its properties allowed it to absorb the heat (which can reach 500 °F) while still providing the friction necessary to stop a vehicle. However, as the serious health-related hazards of asbestos eventually started to become apparent, other materials had to be found. Asbestos brake pads have largely been replaced by non-asbestos organic (NAO) materials in first world countries. Today, brake pad materials are classified into one of four principal categories, as follows:
Non-metallic materials - these are made from a combination of various synthetic substances bonded into a composite, principally in the form of cellulose, aramid, PAN, and sintered glass. They are gentle on rotors, but produce a fair amount of dust, thus having a short service life.
Semi-metallic materials - synthetics mixed with varying proportions of flaked metals. These are harder than non-metallic pads, more fade-resistant and longer lasting, but at the cost of increased wear to the rotor/drum which then must be replaced sooner. They also require more actuating force than non-metallic pads in order to generate braking torque.
Fully metallic materials - these pads are used only in racing vehicles, and are composed of sintered steel without any synthetic additives. They are very long-lasting, but require more force to slow a vehicle while wearing off the rotors faster. They also tend to be very loud.
Ceramic materials - Composed of clay and porcelain bonded to copper flakes and filaments, these are a good compromise between the durability of the metal pads, grip and fade resistance of the synthetic variety. Their principal drawback, however, is that unlike the previous three types, despite the presence of the copper (which has a high thermal conductivity), ceramic pads generally do not dissipate heat well, which can eventually cause the pads or other components of the braking system to warp.However, because the ceramic materials causes the braking sound to be elevated beyond that of human hearing, they are exceptionally quiet.
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During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the declaration of safe agricultural machinery needs to pay attention to it?
[ China Agricultural Machinery Industry News ] Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Administration of Work Safety jointly formulated the "Safety Agricultural Machinery" campaign during the "13th Five-Year Plan" in accordance with the "13th Five-Year Plan for Safe Production" issued by the General Office of the State Council. The Plan will mobilize and deploy the “Safe Agriculture Machinery†during the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period. On the basis of continuing the original creation experience, the "Program" was adjusted and improved in combination with the characteristics of the new period. The reporter recently interviewed the relevant person in charge about the issues that should be paid attention to in the declaration process.
During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the declaration of safe agricultural machinery needs to pay attention to it?
Question: Who is the main body of the “Safe Agricultural Machinery†declaration during the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period?
A: The main body of the national “safety agricultural machinery†model city and county is the municipal and county people's government. The main body of the model for the national agricultural machinery safety supervision demonstration position is the individual engaged in the safety supervision and management of agricultural machinery, including the supervision position of agricultural machinery and the supervision and management of agricultural machinery safety production.
Q: Is the reporting time determined?
A: During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, before the end of August each year, the municipal and county people's governments shall organize the application materials according to the reporting conditions and submit them to the provincial agricultural machinery department. Before the end of September, the provincial agricultural machinery and safety supervision departments jointly reported the proposed materials to the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Administration of Work Safety after review. The demonstration application work in 2016 and 2017 will be carried out together, regardless of the year, with the “2016-2017 National “Safe Agricultural Machinery†Demonstration City, County and National Agricultural Machinery Safety Supervision Position Model†for the relevant title, the provincial recommendation Completed by the end of September 2017.
Q: What kind of conditions do I need to apply?
A: The national “safe agricultural machinery†demonstration city, county and post model must be produced on the basis of the provincial “safe agricultural machinery†demonstration city, county and post model, and make explanations in the application materials. If it is not included in the provincial level, it will not be accepted.
Q: Is there a requirement for the number of declarations?
A: During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Administration of Work Safety launched about 10 national “safe agricultural machinery†demonstration cities (the city with districts) and about 100 national “safe agricultural machinery†demonstration counties (districts and municipalities). And about 100 national agricultural machinery safety supervision demonstration positions. The recommended number of “safe agricultural machinery†demonstration counties in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) is controlled in principle by about 1/25 of the number of agricultural counties in the province (autonomous regions and municipalities), and the proportion should be scientifically allocated. The number of grassroots recommended by the model soldiers in each province (region, city) is not less than 80%.
Q: How do you declare the application materials?
A: The reporting unit and individual should strictly follow the “National “Safe Agricultural Machinery†Demonstration City and County Declaring Conditions†and the “National Agricultural Machinery Safety Supervision Demonstration Position Modeling Conditionsâ€, strictly evaluate and organize the materials, and explain the situation one by one in the declaration form. Documents declared to promote the safe production of agricultural machinery by the local government shall be attached to the national “safe agricultural machinery†demonstration cities and counties. Municipal and provincial agricultural machinery and safety supervision departments shall review and check the application materials in accordance with the application conditions to ensure the quality of the activities.
If you have any other questions during the declaration process, you can consult the Department of Agricultural Mechanization of the Ministry of Agriculture. support hotline